Breach Of Confidentiality free essay sample

# 8211 ; The Legal Implications Essay, Research Paper Breach of confidentiality: the legal deductions when you are seeking therapyThe legal Deductions when You are seeking TherapyI. The demand for confidentiality in therapyA. Establish trustB. A patients measure of rightsThesis: The responsibility to warn has created an ethical quandary for psychological professionals. II. Therapists face a moral problemB. Requirement by jurisprudence to transgress confidentialityC. Exceptions for transgressing confidentialityD. Prediction of violenceE. Impact on clientI. The future mentality for therapy A. Conflicting positions between the legal and psychological professionsPeople are afraid to acknowledge to themselves and others that they need to assist to decide their psychological jobs. This is due to the societal stigma which society attaches to people, when they seek aid from a mental wellness professional. Consequently it is really hard for any individual to set up a trusting relationship with their healer, because they fear, that the healer mig ht uncover their most personal information and emotions to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Breach Of Confidentiality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Health professionals hence created the patients measure of rights to put in assurance between clients and healers. The patient has a right to every consideration of privateness refering his ain medical attention plan. Case treatment, audience, scrutiny, and intervention are confidential and should be conducted discreetly. Those non straight involved in his attention must hold the permission of the patient to be present. The patient has the right to anticipate that all communications and records refering to his attention should be treated as confidential. ( Edge, 63 ) This measure of rights enables clients to unwrap all personal information without frights. To to the full confide in the healer is indispensable to the success of the therapy. On the other manus, the healer is lawfully obliged to transgress this trust when necessary. The responsibility to warn has created an ethical quandary for psychological professionals. The responsibility to warn is based on a tribunal opinion in 19 74. Tatiana Tarasoff was killed by Prosenjit Poddar. Prior to the killing Poddar had told his healer that he would kill Tatiana upon her return from Brazil. The psychologist tried to hold Poddar committed, but since the head-shrinker supervising this instance failed to take action, Poddar was neer committed nor was Tarasoff warned about Poddars purposes to kill her. This failure resulted in Tatianas decease. The Supreme Court hence ruled that the psychologist had a responsibility to warn people which could perchance go harmed ( Bourne, 195-196 ) . This policy, to warn endangered people, insures that healers must transgress there confidentiality for specific grounds merely. These few exclusions are: ten Harm Principle: When the practician can anticipate a danger to an person who is outside the patient/provider relationship, potentially caused by the patient, the injury rule provides the principle for transgressing confidentiality to warn the vulnerable person ( Edge, 63 ) . ten When the client is a possible danger to himself or herself ( Bourne,487 ) . x If the client is a condemnable suspect and uses insanity as a defence ( Bourne, 487 ) . x If the client is minor and the healer believes that he or she is the victim of a offense ( such as child maltreatment ) ( Bourne, 487 ) . The breach for a clients insanity defence would hold been helpful in make up ones minding a celebrated tribunal instance in 1843: the McNaghten s instance. McNaghten used the insanity defence, when he was faced with the charge of killing Sir Robert Peele s private secretary. A jury had to make up ones mind, if he was witting of the act or if he was impermanent insane ( McCarty, 299-300 ) . The jury clearly didn Ts have the professional preparation to do a competent determination. How did they set up if McNaghten knew right from incorrect at the clip of the offense? Therefore they were unqualified when make up ones minding that he, so, was temporarily insane. Now these findings are made b y qualified mental wellness professionals. However other obstructions are still being encountered. In the get downing the jurisprudence provides clear guidelines when to transgress confidentiality. The Harm Principle is one of the guidelines. But how can a healer perfectly determine, that a client presents injury to another person? To state that person is unsafe is to foretell future behaviour. The rarer an event, the harder it is to foretell accurately. Hence if dangerousness is defined as homicide or self-destruction, both of which are rare events, the anticipation of dangerousness will necessarily affect many undue committednesss every bit good as justified 1s ( Alloy, 570 ) . The healer must foretell the capacity for force in the client. There are no guidelines to set up such a diagnose. All that is mandated by the sentiment is that the healer exercising that sensible grade of accomplishment, cognition, and care normally possessed and exercised by members of [ their peculiar pro fession ] under similar fortunes Within the wide scope of sensible pattern and intervention in which professional sentiment and judgement may differ, the healer is free to exert his or her ain best judgement without liability ; proof aided by hindsight, that he or she judged wrongly is deficient to set up carelessness ( Annas, 198 ) . The healer is faced with an huge challenge. He has to trust onto himself or herself merely. Merely aided by his or her professional preparation to measure the client and taught and /or self-learned moralss to depend on. Adding the fact that the clients future remainders on his judgement, the sum of force per unit area and emphasis can merely be imagined. As if this quandary International Relations and Security Network T already hard plenty for the healer, more obstructors have to be conquered to do a qualified finding of the clients dangerousness. A therapists anticipation is like a mathematical equation with many known and unknown variables. There are four unknown factors involved in the decision-making process:1. Lack of disciplinary feedback. When clients become committed to a mental installation, because they were considered harmful, we can non detect if this individual would represent a danger to others if discharged. 2. Diff erential consequences to the predictor. Wrongfully discharged individuals which are discovered to be harmful (false negatives) cause extremely negative publicity. Wrongfully committed harmless individuals (false positives) don t cause that kind of publicity.3. Unreliability of the criterion. The only concrete indication for forecasting a clients violence is a prior record of encountered violence, which might be questionable. 4. Powerlessness of the subject. Until not long ago, wrongfully accused and then committed individuals had few rights to fight this wrongful decision ( Alloy, 571-572 ). All of these factors encourage mental health professionals to err in the direction of overpredicting dangerousness. Do they in fact do so? Studies of predictions of dangerousness have yielded far more false positives than false negatives ( Alloy, 572 ). When a therapist makes an erroneous decision based on these factors, he cannot be held liable, since he or she cannot know how truthful all evi dence represents a clients state of mind. However should a therapist be punished for making too many incorrect warnings, because he or she is in constant distress about his or her legal liability? and therefore to protect themselves against liability imposed by a duty to disclose, therapists are likely to make many warnings ( Annas, 197-198 ). The dictated responsibility to protect the public by blowing the whistle on their clients can lead a therapist to view differently how to conduct their therapy sessions with clients. How non-judgmental can a therapist remain, when ordered by our legal system, to choose the well-being of the public over his or her clients well-being ? What impact will this have on the clients behavior?Gaining and upholding a clients trust is a most difficult task for the therapist. Especially because a client never completely loses his or her fear that a therapist might disclose certain or all personal information to a third party. When the client becomes aware of the fact, that the therapist is legally obligated to disclose certain case information in order to prosecute or commit the client if necessary, commonly the client will not seek therapy or abandon current therapy to avoid possible negative consequences. These warnings are likely to cause their patients to terminate treatment and possibly act out their aggressive impulses ( Annas, 198 ). Seldomly will distressed individuals regain their mental health without professional help. Since they do not wish to receive assistance, due to the possibility of legal repercussions, they often follow a detrimental path. Finding themselves unable to resist their urges, they act out their aggressiveness. The targeted person gets harmed, or even worse, killed. Therapists therefore argue that a sharp increase in involuntary commitments and preventable crimes will be the secondary, long-term result of the imposed duty to warn. Conflicting views between the legal and psychological professions have al ways existed. This is due to the nature of these opposite professions. The legal community restricts their views to verifiable, concrete, therefore empirical evidence only. The psychological community however cannot be that rigid. Mental health professionals deal with facts (reality), but they also have to deal with their clients emotions, beliefs and irrational beliefs. Empathy and trustworthiness play an important role when counseling clients. Courts and mental health professionals have something in common, they both try to protect the welfare of others. Legal practitioners look out for the well-being of the general population. This next statement perfectly reflects their view:Hospitals and the medical sciences, like other public institutionsand professions, are charged with the public interest. Their image ofresponsibility in our society makes them prime candidates for con-verting their moral duties into legal ones. Noblesse Oblige ( Annas, 199 ). Mental health practitioners howe ver focus on the well-being of the individual. To protect and serve the general population as commanded by the courts created an ethical dilemma for psychological professionals. The courts force them to act contradicting to their professional beliefs and ethics. Therapists reason that when they must serve the public they cannot successfully treat their clients. Or how can they treat an individual at all, if the person won t consider entering therapy do to the possibly grim consequences ?Highly advanced communication devises erode our personal privacy more every day. Now the court system seems to follow this trend. Therapists are trying to fight these developments and question the true motives of the court system. More research has to be conducted to find better alternatives. Maybe this ethical dilemma can be resolved in the future, maybe more ethical dilemmas will surface. We are all individuals and should be treated with our own individual interests in mind. Maybe we should indulge in more economic thinking, to fuse the well-being of the individual with the well-being of the general population and thereby eliminating the ethical dilemma. Economic theory can verify, that when individuals act in their own best self-interest, the population as a whole will benefit from it, too. This economic principle also applies to psychology. ReferencesAlloy, L. B., Acocella, J., Bootzin, R. R. ( 1996 ) . Abnormal psychology . USA: McGraw-Hill . Annas, G. J. ( 1988 ) . Judging medicine . New Jersey: Humana Press . Bourne, L. E., Jr., Ekstrand, B. R. ( 1985 ) . Psychology: Its principles and meanings USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston . Edge, R. S., Groves, J. R. ( 1994 ) . The ethics of health care . USA: Delmar Publishing . McCarty, D. G. ( 1967 ) . Psychology and the law . New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Breach of Confidentiality:The legal Implications when You are seeking TherapyI. The need for confidentiality in therapyA. Establish trustB. A patients bill of rightsThesis: The duty to warn has created an ethical dilemma for psychological professionals. II. Therapists face a moral problemB. Requirement by law to breach confidentialityC. Exceptions for breaching confidentialityD. Prediction of violence

The Border States of the Civil War

The Border States of the Civil War Border states was the term applied to a set of states which fell along the border between North and South during the Civil War. They were distinctive not merely for their geographical placement, but also because they had remained loyal to the Union even though slavery was legal within their borders. Another characteristic of a border state would be that a considerable anti-slavery element was present within the state which meant that, while the economy of the state would not have been heavily tied to the institution of slavery, the population of the state could present thorny political problems for the Lincoln administration. The border states are generally considered to have been Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri. By some reckonings, Virginia was considered to have been a border state although it did eventually secede from the Union to become part of the Confederacy. However, part of Virginia split away during the war to become the new state of West Virginia, which could then be considered a fifth border state. Political Difficulties and the Border States The border states posed particular political problems for President Abraham Lincoln as he tried to guide the nation during the Civil War. He often felt the need to move with caution on the issue of slavery, so as not to offend the citizens of the border states and that tended to annoy Lincolns own supporters in the North. The situation greatly feared by Lincoln, of course, was that being too aggressive in dealing with the issue of slavery might lead the pro-slavery elements in the border states to rebel and join the Confederacy which could be disastrous. If the border states joined the other slave  states in rebelling against the Union, it would have given the rebel army more manpower as well as more industrial capacity. Furthermore, if the state of Maryland joined the Confederacy, the national capital, Washington, D.C., would be put in the untenable position of being surrounded by states in armed rebellion to the government. Lincoln’s political skills managed to keep the border states within the Union, but he was often criticized for actions he took that some in the North interpreted as appeasement of border state slave owners. In the summer of 1862, for instance, he was condemned by many in the North for telling a group of African American visitors to the White House about a plan to send free blacks to colonies in Africa. When prodded by Horace Greeley, the legendary editor of the New York Tribune, to move faster to free slaves 1862, Lincoln responded with a famous and deeply controversial letter. The most prominent example of Lincoln paying heed to the particular circumstances of the border states would be in the Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that slaves in states in rebellion would be freed. Its notable that the slaves in the border states, and thereby part of the Union, were not set free by the proclamation. The ostensible reason for Lincoln excluding the slaves in the border states from the Emancipation Proclamation was that the proclamation was a wartime executive action and thus only applied to the slave states in rebellion- but it also avoided the issue of freeing slaves in border states which could, perhaps, have led some of the states to rebel and join the Confederacy.

Historical Role Of Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historical Role Of Slavery - Essay Example Swift in Gulliver’s Travel describes the human nature in a satirical form. He shows how honesty and on the other hand lying are incorporated into the human nature and how well they fit. Swift does this by taking Gulliver through a self-deception journey and getting to a point of experiencing e depicted authenticity that is straightforward. Swift, therefore, reveals human nature as being faced with issues of telling the truth, lying, hypocrisy and authenticity and reality and illusion (Jan 16). Human nature in Voltaire’s Candide emerges as being ridiculous and depicts that whatever happens is for the best of all the possible worlds. He focuses on the capacity of the human to reason and believes that the only time that humanity can reform is when an individual is able to think by themselves and independent of what others think (Jefferson 146). Voltaire sees the possibility of challenges that face individuals with regard to belief before they can realize that optimism does not provide a realistic basis to enable them to perceive the world. He clearly shows that people must think independently in order to achieve all that they ate capable of achieving (Lowers 44). Shelly in Frankenstein brings out the human nature as being to judge from appearance. The people just see the external features of the creature and from this labels him the monster (Allen 93).They do not see beyond his external deformities even to realize the good aspects that he possesses such as being an eloquent speaker.  

Maritime law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maritime law - Coursework Example This is the absolute duty that the ship or the vessel owner owes to the seamen who are involved in the voyage, for the protection of any risk that might face their lives emanating from the unworthiness or lack proper maintenance of the ship. Thus, if any event of collision or accident occurs in the sea, due to the un-seaworthiness of the ship or the vessel, then the owner of the ship or the vessel is liable for the damage, and the appropriate liabilities shall befall the owner3. This includes the liabilities of all the damages incurred on the cargo, the seamen or the other ships or vessels that could have collided with the unseaworthy ship or the vessel, during the course of their voyage. Among the cardinal duty of the ship or vessel owner is to provide a seaworthy ship or vessel. The doctrine of seaworthiness is the cardinal principle of the Maritime law, considering that the issue of seaworthiness of a ship or a vessel directly affects the liabilities of various stakeholders in the Maritime Law, who may include the liability of the carrier, the marine insurance and the environment4. The concept of seaworthiness of a ship or a vessel is provided under the law, as the presence of all pipes, pumps, heater coils and all the other components of the ship or the vessel, which are in good working order. Thus, the law is further interpreted to mean that the fundamental responsibility of the ship or the vessel owner, which he owes to the seamen; both operating the ship he owns or the seamen operating other ships or vessels on the water body, is to ensure that the ship or the vessels are fit to undergo the hazards of the sea, or any other incidental risk that may occur along the voyage, which the ship or the vessel might be exposed in the course of the voyage, without necessarily having such risks being contributed in any way, by the un-seaworthiness of the ship or the vessel6. This being the case, the owner of the ship bears all the liability in case of an accident, co llision, damage or injury occurring to the vessels, the ship or the seamen, which emanates from any aspect of the ship being unworthy for the sea voyage. However, as s reprieve to the owner of the ship or the vessel to be involved in a voyage, the concept of seaworthiness of the ship or the vessel was lessened only to include the worthiness of that ship or vessel, at the start of the voyage2. Therefore, while there are many instances that may arise where a vessel could be identified as being unseaworthy, the only liability that the owner of the ship or the vessel can bear, is that of the ship or the vessel being unseaworthy at the start of the voyage, while the other aspects of un-seaworthiness, which might occur in the course of the voyage, are deemed incidental and thus the liability is assessed differently3. According to the provisions of the Maritime law, there are several conditions that may constitute the un-seaworthiness of the ship or the vessel in voyage. First, a stowage w hich may affect in any way the safety of the ship or the vessel is considered unseaworthy, and thus constitutes the un-seaworthiness condition of the ship or the vesse7. Secondly, any deficient systems ashore or on board the ship or

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release Essay

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release - Essay Example Immediately rescue efforts began, but two days later, another shaft collapsed halting the rescue operation of the crews for many hours. Indeed, in such a situation, the company would need to be more cautious in how the world is notified of the incidence (Lusted, 2012). Basically, there are two ways in which the company would be expected to communicate information. The first being directed to the families of the workers trapped, the second to the other employees and finally, to the press. Those chosen to relay the information would be expected to be more careful so as to keep the goodwill of the company unaffected while ensuring that all the information is truthfully and accurately conveyed (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). This may be achieved by knowing the potential needs of the families of the miners and that of the company’s employees. In this respect, the family members need consolation and the assurance that the company did its best to help save lives and prevent further losses. The employees need the assurance that the company is concerned about their safety and welfare. The potential needs of the families of trapped miners in receiving a message concerning this incident would include among other things a detailed information of any potential dangers to the trapped miners, clear steps the company is taking with actual details and times, in order to convince the families that no opportunity or expense is being spared by the company to rescue their loved ones. It is also critical at the onset of the disaster to provide information relating to the identities and number of miners trapped (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). The potential needs of employees of the company in receiving the message about this incidence would include knowledge of the identity, the number of colleagues trapped, and the efforts being made by the company in an attempt to save their tapped colleagues.

Functions Of The Parts Of The Human Brain Psychology Essay

Functions Of The Parts Of The Human Brain Psychology Essay The brain forms part of the central nervous system together with the spinal cord. The bodys nervous system is the center for communication and decision making. The nervous system is composed of the central and the peripheral nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves in turn. The nervous system as a whole is in charge of every part of a human beings daily life, ranging from breathing and blinking to assisting one to memorize facts in a test. Nerves connect the brain with the face, eyes, ears, nose, and spinal cord, from where they link to the rest of the body. Sensory nerves is the group of nerves responsible for gathering information from the bodys environment and relaying it to the spinal cord, which in turn speeds the message to the brain. The brain then integrates the message and produces a response. Another group of nerves known as the motor neurons distribute the instructions from the brain to the all the body parts. The spinal cord is a superhighway of messages, composed of a collection of nerves going up and down the spine, transporting messages to and from the brain continuously. The brain is composed of three main segments namely: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The midbrain is composed of the tegmentum and the tectum. The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. The midbrain, the pons, and medulla are regularly referred collectively as the brainstem. Below is a visual representation of the brain and its various parts: The cerebrum, also known as the cerebral cortex, is the biggest portion of the human brain, linked with higher brain functions such as action and thought. The cerebral cortex is partitioned into four segments, referred to as lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Below is a diagram of the cerebrum: (Matlin, 1989). Each of the lobes carries out different functions as explained below: Frontal Lobe- connected with planning, reasoning, emotions, parts of speech, movement, and problem solving Parietal Lobe- associated with orientation, movement, recognition, and stimuli perception Occipital Lobe- related to visual processing Temporal Lobe- associated with memory, perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, and speech The cerebral cortex has numerous folds to increase the surface area of the brain and enable it fit into the small space in the skull. An increased surface area means more neurons per area hence increased efficiency. A deep groove divides the cerebral cortex into two equal parts, called the left and the right hemispheres. The two halves appear almost symmetrical yet it has been proven that each hemisphere functions differently from the other. The left hemisphere is associated with logical decisions while the right hemisphere is linked to creativity. The corpus callosum is a group of axons connecting the two hemispheres. The grey part of the cerebral cortex is composed of nerve cells. Below the grey surface are white nerve fibers which relay signals from the nerve cells to the other brain parts and to the rest of the body. The neocortex is a six-layered structure of the cerebral cortex which occupies the better part of the cerebral cortex and only occurs in mammals. The structure is th ought to have evolved recently and is linked to processing of more complex information by animals that are more fully evolved such as human beings and primates. It is where logical and rational thought takes place. The neocortex is the thinking part of the brain; it thinks through problems, makes decisions, reasons, organizes, concentrates, and controls the impulses. The corpus callosum is closely involved in cerebral organization, equally during growth and throughout adulthood. It is a thick bridge of neural tissue that conveys information from one hemisphere to the other. It plays an active role of directing the brain development beginning infancy into the highly lateralized organ it is known to be. The corpus callosum helps to maintain a balance of attention and arousal between the two hemispheres that allows each side to make its contribution to attain an integrated whole. It thus allocates each type of processing to the particular brain area that is programmed for the job, controls the distribution of attention between the two sides and facilitates sustained attention in difficult cognitive tasks. The corpus callosum also plays part in controlling certain types of eye movements. When the eyes make a movement, like in convergence, or in making saccades, information pertaining what to do is delivered to the brain from two sources: the two reti nas, which see somewhat different things, and the eye muscles that inform where the eyes are now. The input is conveyed to both hemispheres, and smooth integration of this information needs quick and accurate interhemispheric communication. The corpus callosum is therefore closely involved in smooth convergence, smooth tracking, matched focusing, and stable ocular dominance. Transfer of information about the locus of touch from one hands fingertips to the other without looking also needs the functioning of the corpus callosum. The information on which finger the touch occurred has to cross the neural bridge to reach the opposite hand. The cerebellum, also known as little brain, is analogous to the cerebrum due to its possession of two hemispheres and a well folded surface (cortex). This part of the brain is related to regulation and coordination of posture, movement, and balance. It is presumed to have evolved earlier than the cerebrum hence performs more basic functions compared to the cerebral cortex. The limbic system, often called the emotional brain, occurs deep within the cerebrum and is evolutionary old, like the cerebellum. This system is composed of the thalamus, amygdale, the hypothalamus, and hippocampus. The following is a midsagittal view of the human brain showing the limbic system: (Ford, 1992). The amygdale is an almond shaped nuclei mass which occurs deep within the temporal lobes adjacent to the hippocampus and medial to the hypothalamus. It plays various roles in cognition including: Emotional responses Arousal Control of autonomic responses related to fear Hormonal secretions The thalamus is composed of a lamellae (comprised of myelinated fibres) system dividing various thalamic subparts. Other regions are identified by distinctive clusters of neurons, such as the nucleus limitans, the periventricular gray, the intralaminar elements, and others. These clusters of neurons, which differ in structure from the main part of the thalamus, have collectively been grouped into the allothalamus. The thalamus obtains its blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery. It is known that the thalamus has numerous functions. It is deduced to act as a translator for processing various prethalamic inputs into readable form for the cerebral cortex. It is thought to process and relay sensory information to different parts of the cerebral cortex selectively, as one thalamic point might serve one or several parts in the cortex. The thalamus also assists in regulating states of wakefulness and sleep. Thalamic nuclei posses firm reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex to form thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits that are linked with consciousness. The thalamus has a major role to play in regulating arousal, activity, and the level of awareness. Injury to the thalamus can cause permanent coma. The system composed of the thalamic parts is associated with many different functions. It is associated with sensory systems: somatic, auditory, gustatory, visceral, and visual systems whereby localized lesions aggravate specific sensory deficits. The roles played by the thalamus are more directed towards motor systems. The relay of cerebellar afferences has been targeted by stereotactians especially for the improvement of tremor. The thalamus is thought to be involved in anterior nigral and pallidal territories in the disturbances of the basal ganglia system. The thalamus is known to play negligible role in tectal or vestibular functions. The thalamus has been considered as a relay that just forwards signals to the cerebrum, but research have shown that the thalamus has more complex functions. The hypothalamus, located directly below the thalamus, is mainly involved in upholding the bodys status quo, homeostasis. In homeostasis, factors such as body temperature, blood pressure, body weight, and fluid and electrolyte balance are regulated by the hypothalamus to a precise value known as the set-point. This set-point can change with time although it is fixed remarkably within a certain range. The hypothalamus acts as the control center for all autonomic regulatory activities of the body. It has thus been referred to as the brain of the brain. It is the center for regulation of endocrine and autonomic homeostatic systems such as temperature, visceral organs, and cardiovascular. It presides over all sensory processing, endocrine hormonal levels, and organizing body metabolism and ingestive behaviors. Almost all functions of the hypothalamus appear to be related somehow to the brain management and body connection, linking the mind to the body. The figure below shows the location of the hypothalamus: (Bandura, 1989). The hypothalamus controls not only the autonomic nervous system but also the pituitary output by producing particular chemicals into the pituitarys front lobe. The hypothalamus is involved in organizing and controlling many complex emotions, moods and feelings, together with all motivational states such as appetite, hunger, and food intake, and everything concerned with the perception of pleasure including comfort, satisfaction and creative activities. A number of neurotransmitters are synthesized by the neurons in the hypothalamus, which are responsible for relaying information and instructions to all brain and body parts. These neurotransmitters influence the pituitary gland directly leading to release of thyroid hormone releasing factor, growth hormone and other neuropeptides through hypothalamic input. The hypothalamus is closely linked with the integration of all physiological stimulation, taste, sight, smell, touch, and sound, which it then translates, refines and gathers into one distinct package linking all the elements of experience and all the stimulation associated with it into one vivid harmonious concept, and one memory. This therefore results in a concise emotionally rewarding understanding and verdict of the experience itself. The hippocampus is seen as being fundamentally involved in the fast encoding of events as relations amongst stimulus context and elements, during the encoding of episodes as event sequences, and in connecting episodes by common aspects into relational networks that sustain elastic inferential expression of memory. There is evidence that the hippocampus plays a major role in encoding of associations amongst actions, stimuli and places that make up discreet events (associative representation). The hippocampus is also thought to be involved in learning the context of events, for example contextual fear conditioning. It is also proposed that the hippocampus is involved in sequential organization. This is the organization of an event as a sequence of events that discloses with time. Another cognitive function of the hippocampus is the connecting of similar features of different memory episode to form flexible presentations. This can be explained as the abstraction of similar features of d ifferent episodes to create representations, or the formation of semantic information from intermittent memory. The hippocampus quickly learns on individual experiences and avoids interference by sorting out representations of those experiences. Limbic system-coordinates memory and emotion Hippocampus and temporal lobes- processing of verbal and visual memory, and control of short-term memory and new learning Parietal lobes-controls sequencing of activities and understanding of spatial information Frontal lobe- regulates social judgment and behavior Occipital lobe- regulates vision, and the skill to see and combine shapes, colors, angles and movement in coordinated patterns. As a result the following abilities are impaired: Mental abilities: A persons skills of understanding, thinking, remembering, and communicating are impaired. The capacity to make decisions is reduced. An individual forgets performing simple tasks that he/she had been performing for years. Persons easily get confused and loss of memory, for short-term and eventually long-term events. An individuals ability to find the right words in a conversation will be affected. Emotions and moods: An individual loses interest in generally all activities and may appear apathetic. A person loses control of emotions and mood. Some individuals appear more withdrawn and less expressive. Emotions may vary across joy, anger, love fear, and sadness, even in the advanced stages of the disease. Behavior An individuals behavior changes in the way he/she interacts with his/her environment including: Hiding his or her possessions Repeating the same words or actions Restlessness Physical flare-ups Physical abilities The disease affects an individuals mobility and physical coordination resulting in steady physical impairment. The individuals ability to perform day-to-day chores independently, such as bathing, eating, and even dressing up, is affected (Tiraboschi, Hansen, Thal, Corey-Bloom, 2004). The Biopsychosocial concept played a key role in helping people cope with the daily global changes and challenges due to modernization and civilizations. Hans then went on and coined the terms distress meaning negative stress, and eustress referring to positive stress. He also came up with the term stressor during this time which referred to the stimulus causing stress. This created a lot of interest among psychologists who ventured in diverse researches to know the links which existed between some diseases and stress. By the year 1970s, stress had become a major area of focus in research by medical practitioners as a way of addressing the issue in a better way amongst the population (Zapf, D., Dormann, C., Frese, M., 1996, p. 96). It is evident that the social, political and scientific changes have had an adverse effect on the researches being carried out on the topic. It has become a problem to undertake researches due to the pressures from science, politics and social changes. According to Anderson a researcher on stress, Our lifestyle has also made us far more susceptible to stress and stress is therefore on the increase in our society. We have more pressure put onto us in day to day living. We may live far away from the support of our immediate family, we may have very little family support and have no one to talk toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we have less job security and fear redundancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the pace of life is much, much faster. We are inundated with e-mails, mobile phones ring constantly. We can never switch off or escape. All these factors together with many more others make for a more stressed out society. Individuals go on to argue that such aspects drive much pressures to human beings than before. Ther e have been a lot of political instabilities with the advancements which have also had a negative impact on undertakings of researches on stress, on top of increasing chances of stress to people. This in return has led to making the lives of human beings more complicated and difficult. Stress researches have been made hard by political pressures and stereotypes which have preoccupied people. Scientific advancements have also posed a major challenge to researchers because of its many demands. This is in relation to the requirements that the researches should have testable hypotheses and the conclusions should be in line with the stated hypothesis. By the years of 1990s stress had already been integrated in the modern scientific researches in the areas of human functioning as well as in physiology. These changes have also led to new histories on workplace stress, and the development of new techniques of managing stress (Winefield A., H., 2002, p. 85). Science is said to be a theoretical, empirical and practical knowledge of the natural world. The knowledge is said to be obtained by use of research findings through observations, explanation, and experimentation of the actual phenomena. Given that scientific researches insist on objective knowledge, it has improved the recent researches on the concept of stress, and has done much in improving the history of stress. The scientific advancements are considered to be very crucial and it considers earlier researches as being pre-scientific. it has therefore brought about many changes in the history of stress by forcing the current researchers on the topic of stress, to come up with what they call scientific and up to date research findings on stress. Social advancements have also depicted a major impact on the history of stress. The last 20 years have registered significant changes in the structure of the society. This is because of the demographic developments, technological advancement s, and socio-economic changes. These in turn have affected our family structures, social networks, and our working patterns. These changes have been said to have increased the levels of stress and the causes of stress as well. This has therefore raised a new challenge of addressing the structural changes and how they affect the life of a human being. This is because in the early history of stress, such issues as society structures and technological advancements were not considered (Aldwin, C.M., ed., 1993, p.46). Different people have had differing reactions to the researches and research findings on stress. The topic has been accorded a negative name in the past years. Some have said that they have had difficulties in figuring out between the stress-vulnerable individuals and the stress-resistant ones; hence demanding that these aspects should be clarified as a way of enabling students deal with stressful moments effectively. Others have argued that recent researches did not fully cover on the issue of stress well, hence such publications are not fit for curriculum, and they should be edited or removed from the curriculum. Others have credited authors and researchers on stress for providing them with relevant information on how to cope with a situation which is very common amongst human beings. Other reactions included mis-understandings. For instance; Hans Selye is seen apologizing in some recent memoirs for having used stress as a wrong word, though he is believed to have been the sole cre ator of the biological stress concept. He says he should have called it strain syndrome instead of biological stress. This poses a major challenge for the researchers because people tend to question the validity of their research findings. It has become certain that stress is always in the head of a human being, and that people are the ones who make it to be what it is. Suicides continue to happen at a higher rate, divorce cases are increasing everyday, and generally life does suck for almost everyone, and we want to talk of being stress-free! It is certain therefore that the life of a normal human being cannot run without the word stress. Today, the term has several connotations and meanings and is also used differently by people. It is said to be a phenomenon of physiology, a state of mind, and also a marketing tool and an excuse for human beings. Much of its attention has been initiated by the scientific discoveries as well as efforts by medical practitioners. Since then the term stress became common all over and it achieved what can be called a zenith cultural significance. It is of late a fact of every day life (Mason JW., 1975, p. 7). The term has since then gained a lot of popularity and become a common field of research for many scholars. In the ancient times such researches were geared towards knowing how the body reacts to different forms of stress and the cognitive processes that influence a human minds functioning. Its beginning of use was in the 1930s by the endocrinologist Hans Selye. He carried out a stress research to test how laboratory animals did respond to physiological changes. He later broadened his research and tested how human beings would respond to their daily life challenges. According to his research, stress was the outcome or reaction showed by organisms and the stressors to their known threats. He said that stress can be adapted positively especially when it is involved in the struggle to achieve certain goals in life, but on the other hand it could very harmful to human beings if managed poorly (Mason JW., 1975, p. 9). After that the term has been used constantly by laymen in a metaphorical way as opposed to the biological meaning to refer to the difficulties experienced in our daily activities. It also continued to become a euphemism of referring to our problems when we do not want to be explicit. Hanss first research was practiced on rats which he exposed to some harmful stimuli, and he found out that all animals did produce similar reactions to such stimuli. In the year 1936, he described this universal reaction as a general adaptation to syndrome or GAS. according to those original researches it is a process which is initiated by an alarm which detects the stressor, then the second process is resistance whereby a mode of coping with the problem is initiated. The third stage is the exhaustion stage which can be found in the GAS model. According to Hans, it is during this stage when all the available resources are fully depleted and the body becomes unable to cope with the situation which then le ads to what people call stress. The researches then found out that when such a condition is arrived at the individual can have ulcers, digestion problems, depression or even develop some cardiovascular complications among other illnesses (Mason JW., 1975, p. 9). Some of the frequently asked questions when carrying out a research on the topic of stress include the following: what causes stress? What are the major symptoms of a stressed person? What are the effects of stress? Is stress a permanent situation or not? How can one manage stress in their daily lives? How can stress be avoided? How can the condition be dealt with under normal circumstances? How can people lead stress free lives? Which age/gender is prone to stress? Among many other sub-topics and questions. Seeking answers to such questions related to stress has been undertaken by several individuals (Kearney, G., E., et al, 2003, p. 120). Several key personalities in our history can be credited for having ventured into carrying out thorough researches on the topic of stress. A group which called itself the Work and Stress Research Group was formed with the aim of addressing issues related to stress and work in the daily life of a human being. Among them were: Saswata Biswas, Maureen Dollard, Philip Heffernan and Jane Farin. They were committed to providing information on stress and consultations. It is a group which was officially registered with the University of South Australia when they started their research. This was back in the year 1996, and they dealt with issues which caused stress like unemployment, work violence, ergonomics, and drug addiction. The group has been since then collaborating and uniting with other organizations with the aim of collecting enough information on their topic of research. The group has been commended and credited for its competency and trustworthy in the research, something which ha s gained it popularity from international organizations and institutions

Character Personality Types in Pride and Prejudice Essay example -- Li

â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† was written by Jane Austin and published in 1813. Since its publication, Pride and Prejudice has remained a hugely popular book with multiple film adaptations. The success of â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† can be attributed to many factors such as its idyllic setting, the strained romance between the two main characters and the witty dialog. However, the relatability of the characters and the abundance of personality types reflected in modern society have made Pride and Prejudice one of the most loved books of all time. We can use the Jung theory on personality types to classify each character. Jung states: â€Å" †¦my first concern must be with the two general types I have termed introverted and extraverted. But, in addition, I shall also try to give a certain characterization of those special types whose particularity is due to the fact that his most differentiated function plays the principal role in an individual's adaptation or orientation to life.† (Jung) Just and introvert and extrovert are opposites of each other, the other types that make up a person personality are also opposite each other. This is best explained on the Meyer-Briggs Foundations website which describes four â€Å"dichotomies.† Introvert and extrovert are the first set of dichotomies, followed by sensing and intuition, thinking and feeling, and judging and perceiving. The combination of these characteristics make up one’s personality type. (Myers and Briggs Foundation) By using Jung’s theories we can analyze each character and identify what it is that makes the character relatable. Elizabeth is strong willed and knows what she wants. â€Å"A stile-jumper by conviction as well as instinct, she not only flouts convention, she holds it up for deliberate mock... ...xperienced an abundance of success and will continue to delight readers for years to come because of it relatable characters. Works Cited Austin, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London: Egerton, 1813. Print. Deresiewicz, William. "Community and Cognition in "Pride and Prejudice"." ELH (1997): 503-535. Web. Ewin, R. E. "Pride, Prejudice and Shyness." Philosophy (1990): 137-154. Jung, C. G. Psycological Types. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976. Web. 11 December 2011. . Morgan, Susan. "Intelligence in "Pride and Prejudice"." Modern Philology (1975): 54-68. Myers and Briggs Foundation. MBTI Basics. 2003. Web. 11 December 2011. . Sherry, James. "Pride and Prejudice: The Limits of Society." Studies in English Literature (1979): 609-622. Web.

Advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones Essay

The 21st century has seen the advent of amazing technological advances, one of which is of the mobile phone. Nowadays, a mobile phone consists of camera, MP3 player, alarm clock,†¦., or in another way, a mobile phone is a combination of more than 10 items of our daily lives. And so a mobile is a basic need and everybody has it. We can all see clearly the advantages of a mobile phone, but not everybody recognizes the down side of having one. As mentioned and well – acknowledged by everyone, convenience is an advantage of mobile phone. With a mobile phone, we are able to have instant contact with whomever we want, whenever we want, and also because it is a multi-functional device beside communication use, even more accurate for the new generations of smart phone. At present, a smart phone can access the internet using 3G or Wi-fi. Therefore, it is not just a phone, but a mini computer. Besides the obvious advantage, another comes to mind, and that is texting helping people to overcome shyness and awkwardness. Being late for a meeting, apologizing, telling loved things to someone,†¦ are all quite uncomfortable situations and speech can make things even worse. But text gets rid of those moments and replace it with a clean, logical and clear message. Furthermore, teenagers find mobile phones being an expression of their identity because they are beyond the control of parents. A mobile phone makes our lives quite easier, right? Not quite. As you can see, scientists have claimed that mobile phone produces a small amount of radiation waves, resulting to brain cancer, so long usage can be harmful to health. And in terms of health, there have been a great deal of traffic accidents caused by texting and calling while driving. So firstly a mobile phone can affect our health and probably our lives. Secondly, mobile phones can be great distraction at work and school. The internet, the games on smart phones, the endless number of applications, those are temptations, creating lack of concentration for people working and studying, which is an activity being definitely less exciting by comparison. In addition, mobile phones are sometimes disturbance in our lives due to the wrong-number phone calls, draft messages, prank calls,†¦. . These are very annoying and can lead to discomfort, especially if these are being made at night. Then there are environmental issues involved with mobile phone usages. According to a survey, people on average use their phone 11 to 18 months, a short period of time. And when those old phones become trash, and with the need of phones at  present, which is a lot, it can lead to pollution due to hardware of mobile phones being hard to dispose of. In conclusion, we use mobile phones on a daily basis for theirs obvious advantages, but we also need to be aware of the not so obvious or simply ignored disadvantages. On account of the mass demand of mobile phones, we need to know both sides of them in order to make the best out of a wonderful device.

Multicultural and Anti Racist literature essays

Multicultural and Anti Racist literature essays The issues of fighting racism and stereotypes in childrens literature have been addressed in two ways: through multicultural or anti racist literature. These issues have been presented in bodies of work for the very young to older children. Patricia Polacco and Eloise Greenfield have revolutionized childrens literature with their stories that address societies needs. Greenfields style is distinctive from Polaccos; her stories address multiculturalism, whereas Pollacos is anti racist literature. The reason for this difference in style is due to the era in which these authors wrote their books. Although Greenfield has recent books published in the late 1990s, her books were mostly written and published during the 1970s. Polacco, on the other hand, wrote and published her books in the 1990s to present. Therefore, these two authors have distinct presentation, styles, and goals of their work. Their work, although written two decades apart also focus on two different age groups ran ging from preschoolers to elementary children. For this reason their style may house similarities, such as the goal of multiculturalism of their work, but it is distinct, as in the route, multicultural or anti racist, they chose to take to achieve their goal. One uses multiculturalism to identify that regardless of race, children are individuals and feel similar feelings to the similar situation, whereas anti-racist literature increases awareness of racial and religious barriers, aiming to educate the reader about minority groups sufferings, culture, and ceremonies. At times anti-racist books, incorporated multiculturalism, with emphasis on specific anti racist behavior that reduces prejudice and increases acceptance. These two authors are known for their contributions to multicultural and anti racist literature. Their styles are distinct, Greenfields aim is the incorporation of all children through her chara...

java essays

java essays Java is the substance whose aroma is awakening the Internet community. It is a new programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that has much in common with the beverage that shares its name. It's good, it's hot, and people know it around the world. Java (the programming language) beats the other stuff hands down though, it's free. Many have heard of Java, yet few know what it is, or what it can do. It certainly has the potential to become a part of our everyday lives, existing in our mobile phones, televisions, and Internet browsers. If you are interested in your Java is still in its infancy stage, yet to fulfil its intended purpose. Designed in 1990 as an embedded language for consumer electronics, it was later discovered to be an ideal interface to the Internet. In 1996, Netscape added Java support to its popular Navigator Web browser. The Web began to stir from its static text coma as excited programmers began to incorporate Java applications, "applets", into their An applet is like an application, but it doesn't run stand-alone. An applet must adhere to a set of conventions that allows it to run within a Java-compatible browser. The technology is still evolving, and today, most Java applets are simple animations, or user interactions. The future is brighter, promising full-blown applications over the Internet; imagine using Microsoft Office from your television. For now, though, those who have experienced an applet may be left disappointed. A casual user is unlikely to be impressed with scrolling text, or simple animations, especially if they must pay for them with increased download times. Behind the scenes, unbeknownst to them, truly amazing things are A Java applet begins its life by being "called" by a Web page. To be technologically correct, the applet is embedded in the Web page. The Web ...

When International Buyers and Sellers Disagree Case Study - 1

When International Buyers and Sellers Disagree - Case Study Example The nature of this case is complex. This is because; the conflict involved in this case entails two different perspectives on the shipment of the livers, with both sides having the conviction that they are right in their argument. The American shipped pork livers to a German importer after ensuring that the shipment meets all the requisite standards of liver quality for an American. While the shipment is received by the German, he observes that the shipment consists of 40% of livers that do not meet his description. Consequently, he sought to let the American understand that in Germany, the livers not meeting such specifications can fetch a lower price, and thus needs to be compensated for the price reduction. On his side, the American believes that his shipment has met the required standards and therefore, cannot compensate for the loss incurred by the German (Cornell, 2001). This conflict call for arbitration. At this point, the grounds for ruling should emanate from the analysis of who breached the agreement, and then, he be required to take the responsibility. The fact that the German importer stated that the liver shipment should be of customary merchantable quality, does not indicate whether he explained the requirements for a customary merchantable quality of liver, in terms of sex of the animal from which the livers should be obtained (Frank, 2009). Since customary merchantable quality may refer to the conditions of the liver without entailing the description of the animal from which they were obtained, then the arbiter has two considerations to make. If the German had included the information to the effect that animal sex of the animal is a consideration to make in shipping the livers, then the American would have been on the wrong. On the other hand, having been told to provide customary merchantable quality livers to a foreign country, then the American had

The Benchmarking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Benchmarking - Research Paper Example Among the many quality tools being used, benchmarking is the tool or approach â€Å"that is accelerating among many firms that have adopted the total quality management (TQM) philosophy.† (â€Å"Benchmarking†, n. d.). Benchmarking helps the organizations to find the correct solutions by following the best practices of other organizations. That is, by evaluating the best or even the relevant practices of the other organizations that operate in their organizational sector or in other sectors, and which has faced similar challenges and situations, a particular organization can find their own solutions. This approach is being followed by many real organizations, and many of them are getting sizable benefits, although there some limitations to it. This paper focusing on the quality tool of Benchmarking will discuss its historical background, working principles, main benefits, and limitations, even while elaborating about its application by case studying two organizations, Xe rox and Southwest Airlines. Although, benchmarking, as the term and as an approach, is being used in various organizational sectors from Information technology to various technologically advanced sectors, it seems ironic that it could have been originated from the manual labor-centric shoemaking industry. That is, in earlier times, cobblers would place a client’s foot on a â€Å"bench† and â€Å"mark† it out to make the pattern for the shoes, and also to measure the sizes, and â€Å"this pattern became a reference point for the cobbler and helped ensure a better fit.† (Ohab, 2011). From those beginnings, this practice of checking the best practices of others, and replicating it was carried out by various people and organizations throughout the 20th century, irrespective of the sectors. For example, Henry Ford created the assembly line in his car manufacturing units, â€Å"after taking the tour of a Chicago slaughterhouse and watching carcasses hung on hooks mounted on a monorail mo ve from one workstation to another†.